3D-printed Geopolymer using Waste-derived Alkaline Activators

2026-07-22

In recent years, 3D printing has gained tremendous attention as the most popular additive manufacturing (AM) technology in the construction industry. The application of 3D printing could help increase revenue for construction companies while simultaneously enabling productivity through rapid automated construction. Moreover, 3D printing helps in reducing waste, labor, and environmental impacts that are associated with conventional construction methods. 3D printing of cement-based materials generates high carbon emissions which is a major challenge for the construction industry. In this regard, despite being relatively new, the 3D printed geopolymers (3DGP) hold relevance in the evolving landscape of low-carbon construction that eliminates the need for traditional cement. The main ingredients in geopolymers include precursor materials and alkaline activators. The precursor material comprises aluminosilicate wastes such as fly ash, slag, etc. while the activator is typically a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. However, the high cost and environmental impacts associated with commercially available sodium silicate solutions limit the applications of 3DGP. Thus an affordable and environmentally friendly substitute for traditional activators is highly desirable. This research aims to develop innovative low-cost 3DGP mortar using alternative agricultural waste-derived alkaline activators. The proposal investigates the fresh and hardened properties such as setting time, workability, compressive strength, microstructure, and durability of the printed geopolymer mortar. Additionally, the sustainability of the printed geopolymer mortar will be assessed through the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The use of waste-derived activators in making 3DGP will streamline the production process, offering a cost-effective construction technique that is essential to the future of Europe and the world leading to a greener future.

United Kingdom (UK)

2026-01-01